The camps around Ardoch and Black Hill form part of a complex Roman military landscape. Overlapping enclosures and their relationships to other remains show that the area was used on different occasions. Particular camps have been associated with the campaigns of Septimius Severus, but those interpretations should not be confused with a securely dated occupation. The area of a camp does not by itself identify its army or emperor. See Roman Camps in Scotland for the distinction between camp size, use and date.
Sources: Ardoch archaeological record; Rebecca H. Jones, Roman Camps in Scotland (2011; open-access edition 2026), pp. 87–89 and Chapter 10. Updated 13 October 2026 to qualify the earlier campaign attribution.
