The Antonine Wall 142 AD

The Antonine Wall was built of turf on the orders of Antoninus Pius. This was intended to secure southern Scotland and make it part of the Roman Empire.

The Governor of Britain at this time, Quintus Lollius Urbicus (c. 138 – c. 144), advanced into Scotland, building new forts along the wall and reoccupying forts abandoned by Agricola (coloured in orange on the map. Many nations took part in the invasion as auxiliary troops to the Roman legions. It is estimated that 5,000 troops were stationed on the Antonine Wall less than the 7,000 for Hadrian’s Wall. German, French, Spanish, Bulgarian, Dutch and Belgian troops were part of the occupation force. The Roman policy demanded a fighting men tribute from conquered tribes and sent these troops to other countries. Slave girls were also taken as well as hostages. Conquered Scottish tribes will have had to provide fighting men who then served on the Rhine. See Romano British Troops Across the Roman Empire.

A few of these auxiliary units were moved from Hadrian’s Wall, which was then put on a care and maintenance basis. The map below shows new forts in red and refurbished forts from Agricola’s time in 80 AD in orange.

The legions that built the Antonine Wall

• Legio II Augusta — RIB 2139 (Bridgeness); RIB 2203, 2204 (Duntocher sector); RIB 2191, 2192 (Balmuildy). Roman Inscriptions of Britain+4Roman Inscriptions of Britain+4Roman Inscriptions of Britain+4
• Legio VI Victrix (Pia Fidelis) — RIB 2196 (Castlehill); RIB 2185 (Kirkintilloch); RIB 2200 (Duntocher); RIB 2194 (Balmuildy). Roman Inscriptions of Britain+3Roman Inscriptions of Britain+3Roman Inscriptions of Britain+3
• Legio XX Valeria Victrix — Hutcheson Hill/Cleddans sector: RIB 2198 (plus nearby RIB 3507). Roman Inscriptions of Britain+1

Forts on the Antonine Wall

Glasgow Antonine Wall and Forts

Forts

Fort Name	Size (Hectares)	No of Soldiers	Units	Notes
Old Kilpatrick	1.66	585	Batavians (Netherlands)	Cohors I Baetasiorum c.R. — altar: RIB 3509
Dunochter	1.43	457	Legio II Augusta Legio VI Victrix	Legio II Augusta — distance slabs: RIB 2203, RIB 2204; Legio VI Victrix — distance slab: RIB 2200
Bearsden	1.12	394
Castlehill	1.39	490	Gauls (France) Legio VI Victrix	Cohors IV Gallorum — altar: RIB 2195. Legio VI Victrix — distance slab: RIB 2196
Balmuildy	1.76	621	II Augusta VI Victrix	II Augusta — honorifics RIB 2191, RIB 2192; VI Victrix — distance slab RIB 2194

Central Scotland Antonine Wall and Forts

Forts

Fort Name	Size (Hectares)	No of Soldiers	Units	Notes
Cadder	1.36	478
Kirkintilloch		unknown	VI Victrix	VI Victrix — distance slab: RIB 2185
Auchendavy	1.12	394	Legio II Augusta	series of altars by M. Cocceius Firmus, centurion of II Augusta — RIB 2174, 2175, 2176
Bar Hill	1.28	450	Hamian Archers (Syria) Batavians (Netherlands)
Croy	0.61	214	VI Victrix detachment	(VI Victrix detachment) — altars/building stones: RIB 2159, 2160, 2161, 2162

Falkirk and East of Scotland Antonine Wall and Forts

Forts

Fort Name	Size (Hectares)	No of Soldiers	Units	Notes
Westerwood	1.91	272	VI Victrix	altar by Vibia Pacata, wife of a VI Victrix centurion — RIB 350
Castlecary	2.58	515	Tungrians (Belgium) Vardullians (Spain)	Cohors I Tungrorum (milliaria) — dedication: RIB 2155 Cohors I Vardullorum milliaria equitata — altar to Neptune: RIB 2149
Rough Castle	unknown	200	Nervians (Belgium)	Cohors VI Nerviorum — altar to Victory & principia record: RIB 2144, RIB 2145
Falkirk	1.37	195
Mumrills	2.10	739	Tungrians (Belgium) Thracians (Bulgaria)	Ala I Tungrorum — altar: RIB 2140 Cohors II Thracum: RIB 2142
Carriden	unknown	unknown	II Augusta	Bridgeness distance slab of II Augusta (just WNW of Carriden): RIB 2139

The forts were abandoned from 158 AD to 165 AD as the Romans withdrew to Hadrian’s wall due to pressures elsewhere in the empire. The forts were carefully dismantled and ditches filled in.

Timeline

AD 139–142: Decision to advance north from Hadrian’s Wall.

AD 142–c. 146: Main build under Antoninus Pius by the three legions; turf rampart on a monumental ditch (the ‘Antonine Ditch’) with stone bases and forts every ~2 Roman miles.

c. 142–c. 160/162: Primary occupation. Fort/vicus life in full swing; altars, distance slabs, bathhouses, granaries, industrial activity.

c. 160/162: Strategic withdrawal to Hadrian’s Wall; many Antonine sites deliberately decommissioned.

Later 2nd–early 3rd c.: Intermittent re-use/repairs in places (Severan campaigning, AD 208–211) but the Wall is not fully re-garrisoned like before.

Post-Roman afterlife: Stones re-used, earthworks persist; modern excavation, aerial survey, and LiDAR have fixed the line, fortlets, and Military Way with high confidence.

What to expect at key forts (quick highlights)

Bearsden: Bath-house/latrine (excellent for education—diet, health, daily life); vicus and drainage studies.

Rough Castle: Best place to show visitors lilia and ditch profile.

Castlecary & Mumrills: Size and epigraphy (unit stones, industrial remains, cemeteries).

Bar Hill: Command views and principia plan; classic hill-fort on the line.

Watling Lodge ditch: The showpiece for the ditch/rampart cross-section.

Old Kilpatrick & Carriden: The sea-terminals—story of supply by river/estuary.

References

• The Antonine Wall – Official Government Site
• Were There Two Antonine Occupations of Scotland? N. Hodgson Britannia, Vol. 26 (1995), pp. 29-49 (21 pages)
• THE ANTONINE WALL Frontiers of the Roman Empire: The Antonine Wall – A World Heritage Site: 2021, pp. 39-75 (38 pages)
• Julius Verus and the Abandonment of Antonine Scotland – Britannia, Vol. 51 (2020), pp. 323-330 (8 pages)

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